FORGE

Writing people back to architecture and energy systems for various futures.

A design-science lab for human-building-climate systems at The University of Hong Kong.

Future, Occupant, Risk, and Generative Environments

What we're doing

Current focus

The research programme connects people, integrated building systems, and climate futures, with thermal protection and energy uncertainty at their intersections.

  • ASHRAE 1959-TRP
  • Human Heat Standards
  • Climate Stress-Testing
  • Thermal Protection
  • Ordinal and Tail Risk
  • Risk-Aware Control
  • Socratic Oracle

Why FORGE?

FORGE

The lab is built on a simple position: architecture and energy systems have drifted too far from the people they claim to serve. FORGE writes people back into simulation, control, climate risk, and design reasoning.

Who’s here

Current team

FORGE is a compact research group spanning a postdoctoral researcher, PhD students, research assistants on site at HKU and remote locations, and undergraduate RAs. The team is currently working across ASHRAE 1959-TRP on updating real human heat assumptions, climate stress-testing and stochastic future weather modeling, ordinal thermal comfort, and Socratic Oracle as a design-pedagogy platform.

Open Team

What we work on

Method signals

FORGE moves between building simulation, comfort science, climate futures, and design-facing AI through a small set of recurring technical workflows.

  • EnergyPlus
  • Climate Forcing
  • Monte Carlo
  • Physics-Informed Neural Networks
  • Mean Radiant Temperature
  • ERA5 / CMIP6
  • Hidden Markov Models
  • State-Based Inference
  • Ordinal Learning
  • Co-Simulation
  • Stochastic Weather
  • Sensitivity Analysis

Recent output

Selected publications

Energy and Buildings · 2026 · Accepted

Delivered-Energy and Operative-Temperature Trade-offs for Learned-Probability-Informed HVAC Supervision in a Weather Stress Grid.

Uses predicted probabilities of thermal sensation to inform HVAC supervision, examining delivered-energy and operative-temperature trade-offs across a weather stress grid.

Accepted 27 September 2026.

Hongshan Guo

thermal protectionordinal risktail riskenergyclimatethermal comfortcontrol

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · 2026 · Accepted

Lower Peaks, Similar Growth: Isolating the Value and Limits of AI-Driven Thermal Sensation Modeling for Building–Grid Resilience Under Future Climates.

Accepted 15 September 2026.

Hongshan Guo, Kanxuan He

energyclimatethermal comfortcontrol

Energy · 2026 · In press

Equal Cooling Setpoints, Unequal Thermal Outcomes: Residential Cooling Service Under Future Weather and Ageing.

Examines how future weather and population ageing affect residential cooling service and thermal outcomes under equal cooling setpoints. DOI

Hongshan Guo

energyclimatethermal comforthuman heat
Browse all publications